Vladimir Propp Theory
- The villain (struggles against the hero)
- The donor (prepares the hero or gives the hero some
magical object)
- The (magical) helper (helps the hero in the
quest)
- The princess (person the hero marries, often
sought for during the narrative)
- The false hero (perceived as good character in
beginning but emerges as evil)
- The dispatcher (character who makes the lack known
and sends the hero off)
- The hero or victim/seeker hero, reacts to the
donor, weds the princess
1. A member
of a family leaves home (the hero is introduced as a unique person within the
tribe, whose needs may not be met by remaining)
2. An
interdiction (a command NOT to do something e.g.'don't go there', 'go to this
place'), is addressed to the hero;
3. The hero
ignores the interdiction
4. The
villain appears and (either villain tries to find the children/jewels etc; or
intended victim encounters the villain);
5. The
villain gains information about the victim;
6. The
villain attempts to deceive the victim to take possession of victim or victim's
belongings (trickery; villain disguised, tries to win confidence of victim);
7. The victim
is fooled by the villain, unwittingly helps the enemy;
8. Villain
causes harm/injury to family/tribe member (by abduction, theft of magical
agent, spoiling crops, plunders in other forms, causes a disappearance, expels
someone, casts spell on someone, substitutes child etc, commits murder,
imprisons/detains someone, threatens forced marriage, provides nightly
torments); Alternatively, a member of family lacks something or desires
something (magical potion etc);
9. Misfortune
or lack is made known, (hero is dispatched, hears call for help etc/
alternative is that victimised hero is sent away, freed from imprisonment);
10. Seeker
agrees to, or decides upon counter-action;
11. Hero
leaves home;
12. Hero is
tested, interrogated, attacked etc, preparing the way for his/her receiving
magical agent or helper (donor);
13. Hero
reacts to actions of future donor (withstands/fails the test, frees captive,
reconciles disputants, performs service, uses adversary's powers against them);
14. Hero
acquires use of a magical agent (it's directly transferred, located, purchased,
prepared, spontaneously appears, is eaten/drunk, or offered by other
characters);
15. Hero is
transferred, delivered or led to whereabouts of an object of the search;
16. Hero and
villain join in direct combat;
17. Hero is
branded (wounded/marked, receives ring or scarf);
18. Villain
is defeated (killed in combat, defeated in contest, killed while asleep,
banished);
19. Initial
misfortune or lack is resolved (object of search distributed, spell broken,
slain person revived, captive freed);
20. Hero
returns;
21. Hero is
pursued (pursuer tries to kill, eat, undermine the hero);
22. Hero is
rescued from pursuit (obstacles delay pursuer, hero hides or is hidden, hero
transforms unrecognisably, hero saved from attempt on his/her life);
23. Hero
unrecognised, arrives home or in another country;
24. False
hero presents unfounded claims;
25. Difficult
task proposed to the hero (trial by ordeal, riddles, test of
strength/endurance, other tasks);
26. Task is
resolved;
27. Hero is recognized (by mark, brand, or thing given to him/her);
28. False
hero or villain is exposed;
29. Hero is
given a new appearance (is made whole, handsome, new garments etc);
30. Villain
is punished;
31. Hero
marries and ascends the throne (is rewarded/promoted).
Films that Link to this Theory.
Shrek
The villain- Lord Farquaad
The donor/ The dispatcher- Fairy God Mother
The helper- Donkey
The princess- Princess Fiona
The false Hero- Prince Charming
The Hero- Shrek